Albania Settlers
A late-1860s settlement scheme south of modern Kimberley, for British “Albania Settlers”
Xhosa of the Gareep or Orange River
Various groups of Xhosa were driven from the Eastern Cape through conflict in the late eighteenth century.
Trekboers
Trekboers (the name means “moving farmers”) were mainly Dutch colonists who gradually penetrated inland.
Griqua
“Bastard Hottentots” was one of the terms applied to people of mixed Khoisan, slave and European descent in the frontier zone.
Tswana
SeTswana-speaking communities lived in large towns in the north-eastern part of the Northern Cape.
Khoisan
The Khoisan comprised of indigenous San hunter-gatherers (including the tscharm in the Karoo) and Khoikhoi herders.
Freed slaves and the contribution of Abraham September at Upington
Freed slaves had limited options. They either remained in the colony as a landless laboring class, or they could leave to settle beyond the colonial boundary.
The frontier “mix”: Frontier slaves
In the nineteenth century the tradition of slave raiding, to satisfy labour demands, spread with the advancement of the Trekboers.
A new frontier
The settlement was destined to expand, and it was not long before there was conflict between the Dutch and local Khoikhoi